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◉ Introduction to Hexavalent Chromium
Hexavalent chromium (Hexavalent chromium) is a ingesting toxic/inhalation extremely toxic. All exist in the form of oxoacid radicals, Cr6+, mainly orange Cr2O72- in acidic solution, and yellow CrO42- in alkaline solution.
◉ Harm
Hexavalent chromium is a ingesting poison/inhalation extremely poisonous, skin contact may cause allergy; it is more likely to cause hereditary gene defects, inhalation may cause cancer, and it is a lasting danger to the environment. But these are properties of hexavalent chromium, chromium metal, trivalent or tetravalent chromium does not have these toxicities.
Hexavalent chromium is easily absorbed by the human body, and it can invade the human body through digestion, respiratory tract, skin and mucous membranes. By breathing air containing different concentrations of chromic anhydride, there are different degrees of hoarseness, nasal mucosal atrophy, and in severe cases, nasal septum perforation and bronchiectasis. Invasion through the gastrointestinal tract can cause vomiting and abdominal pain. Dermatitis and eczema occur when penetrated through the skin. The most harmful is the long-term or short-term exposure or inhalation of cancer risk.
Hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic in the body and can also cause a number of other health problems, such as inhalation of some higher concentrations of hexavalent chromium compounds can cause runny nose, sneezing, itching, nosebleeds, ulcers, and perforated nasal septum. Short-term high-dose exposure can have adverse effects at the site of exposure, including ulcers, irritation of the nasal mucosa, and perforation of the nasal septum. Ingesting very large doses of chromium can cause kidney and liver damage, nausea, gastrointestinal irritation, stomach ulcers, cramps and even death. Skin contact can cause ulcers or allergic reactions (hexavalent chromium is one of the most allergenic metals after nickel). According to experimental studies, high-dose feeding mice, hexavalent chromium will have an effect on the reproduction of mice, resulting in a decrease in the number of pups per litter and a decrease in fetal weight. The most harmful is the long-term or short-term exposure or inhalation of cancer risk.
Excessive amounts (over 10ppm) of hexavalent chromium are lethal to aquatic organisms. Experiments have shown that hexavalent chromium in contaminated drinking water can cause cancer. Hexavalent chromium compounds are often used in electroplating, etc. After animals drink water containing hexavalent chromium, hexavalent chromium is absorbed by cells in many tissues and organs in the body.
Hexavalent chromium remaining in leather can be absorbed through the skin and respiratory tract, causing damage to the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney functions, and may also damage the eyes, causing retinal hemorrhage and optic atrophy.
◉ Main Uses of Hexavalent Chromium
Use in electronic products: Hexavalent chromium is often used as chromic acid in the electrochemical industry. In addition, it is also used as a colorant in pigments (ie, lead chromate) and in cooling water circulation systems, such as anti-corrosion agents (sodium dichromate) in endothermic pumps, industrial freezers and refrigerator heat exchangers.
Use in the strip galvanizing industry: Hexavalent chromium is used for post-plating passivation of galvanized sheets to increase the corrosion resistance of galvanized sheets.
◉ List of Compounds Involved in Hexavalent Chromium
|
English Name |
CAS Number |
Chemical Formula |
Main Designated Use |
|
Chromium, Hexavalent |
18540-29-9 |
Cr |
|
|
Chromium(VI) oxide; |
1333-82-0 |
CrO3 |
Pigments, catalysts, electroplating, skinning |
|
Lithium chromate |
14307-35-8 |
Li2CrO4
|
preservative
|
|
Sodium chromate |
7775-11-3 |
Na2CrO4 |
Anti-rust, blended skin |
|
Potassium chromate |
7789-00-6 |
K2CrO4 |
Pigments, inks, skins |
|
Potassium chlorochromat e |
16037-50-6 |
K[CrO3Cl] |
|
|
Ammonium chromate |
7788-98-9 |
(NH4)2CrO4 |
photo, catalyst |
|
Copper chromate |
13548-42-0 |
CuCrO4 |
Mordant |
|
Magnesium chromate |
13423-61-5 |
MgCrO4 |
Anti-rust, surface treatment
|
|
Calcium chromate |
13765-19-0 |
CaCrO4 |
Pigments, inks, skins |
|
Strontium chromate |
7789-06-2 |
SrCrO4
|
Pigment, anti-rust |
|
Barium chromate |
10294-40-3 |
BaCrO4 |
Anticorrosion, pigments, colorants for ceramics |
|
Lead chromate; |
1344-37-2 |
PbCrO4 |
Pigments, coatings, inks |
|
Zinc chromate |
12018-19-8; |
ZnCrO4 |
Pigments, Preservatives |
|
Sodium dichromate |
10588-01-9 |
Na2Cr2O7 |
Pigments, Preservatives, Photographs, Tanned Leather |
|
Sodium dichromate dihydrate |
7789-12-0 |
Na2Cr2O7·2H2O |
Manufacture of other chromium products, paints, pigments, metal finishing |
|
Potassium dichromate |
7778-50-9 |
K2Cr2O7 |
Pigments, photos, electroplating, batteries, tanning |
|
Ammonium dichromate |
7789-09-5 |
(NH4)2Cr2O7 |
Pigments, Photos, Catalysts |
|
Calcium dichromate |
14307-33-6 |
CaCr2O7 |
anticorrosion, catalyst |
|
Zinc dichromate |
14018-95-2 |
ZnCr2O7 |
pigment |
|
Chromic acetate |
1066-30-4 |
C2H4O2・1/3Cr |
|
|
Other hexavalent |
|
|
|
◉ Hexavalent Chromium Testing Standards and Regulations
China pushes ROHS hexavalent chromium limit requirements
GB/Z 21275 Test method for hexavalent chromium, restricted substances in electrical and electronic products
GB/T 15555.4 Determination of Hexavalent Chromium in Solid Waste Diphenylcarbazide Spectrophotometry
QC/T 942 Test method for hexavalent chromium in automotive materials
EU ROHS hexavalent chromium limit requirements
IEC 62321-7 Standard for Determination of Hexavalent Chromium Content in Metal Coatings by Colorimetry
ISO 17075-1 Colorimetric determination of hexavalent chromium content in leather
ISO17075-2 Chromatographic Determination of Hexavalent Chromium Content in Leather
GN 7467 Water quality-Determination of hexavalent chromium-diphenylcarbazide spectrophotometric method
◉ Compliance Services
As a professional third-party testing and certification service organization, Jiayu Testing has qualifications such as CMA, CNAS, CBTL, CPSC, and has obtained laboratory accreditation from multiple authoritative certification agencies at home and abroad. The laboratory is strictly built and managed according to standards, equipped with advanced instruments and equipment, and has a skilled professional technical team with rich industry service experience and strong testing technology capabilities. It is proficient in various regulatory standards and provides hexavalent chromium testing services to assist enterprises in actively responding to regulatory requirements and effectively improving product compliance. Welcome to contact us at 400-9269-886!
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