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◉ Introduction to Safety Evaluation
Safety assessment, also known as risk assessment or hazard assessment, is a systematic work that uses the principles and methods of safety systems engineering to comprehensively identify and scientifically analyze the hazards and harmful factors in engineering, systems, or production and operation activities, determine the possibility and severity of accidents, and provide scientific basis for the formulation of preventive measures and safety management decisions. As the core technical support link of the safety production management system, it runs through the entire life cycle of the project and serves as the "technical goalkeeper" and "risk scout" to strengthen the safety production defense line. This article will comprehensively analyze the safety evaluation work from the dimensions of basic cognition, core classification, implementation process, common methods, qualification management, industry challenges and optimization directions.
The core objective of safety evaluation is to achieve the intrinsic safety of engineering and systems, and to avoid or reduce the probability of accidents and the degree of losses in advance through closed-loop management of "identifying risks, analyzing risks, evaluating risks, and controlling risks". The essence of its work is to serve as a bridge between safety theory and production practice, requiring theoretical support such as safety systems engineering and risk management, as well as the on-site experience and practical abilities of evaluators.
◉ Legal basis for safety evaluation
The implementation of safety assessment work has clear legal basis and is a statutory safety production guarantee measure.
（1） Article 32 of the Work Safety Law of the People's Republic of China
Mining and metal smelting construction projects, as well as construction projects used for the production, storage, loading and unloading of hazardous materials, shall undergo safety evaluations in accordance with relevant national regulations.
（2） Article 7 of the "Three Simultaneities" Supervision and Management Measures for Safety Facilities in Construction Projects
When conducting feasibility studies on the following construction projects, production and operation units shall conduct safety pre evaluations in accordance with national regulations
Non coal mine construction projects;
Construction projects for the production and storage of hazardous chemicals (including the use of long-distance pipelines to transport hazardous chemicals);
Construction projects for the production and storage of fireworks and firecrackers;
Metal smelting construction project;
Chemical construction projects that use hazardous chemicals in production and achieve the prescribed quantity of use (excluding those that belong to hazardous chemical production);
Other construction projects stipulated by laws, administrative regulations, and the State Council.
（3） Article 6 (10) of the Regulations on Safety Production License
Making "conducting safety evaluations in accordance with the law" one of the necessary conditions for enterprises to obtain safety production licenses further strengthens the mandatory and serious nature of safety evaluations.
◉ Core classification of safety evaluation
According to different implementation stages, safety evaluation can be divided into three categories: safety pre evaluation, safety acceptance evaluation, and safety status evaluation. The three types of evaluations are interconnected and cover the entire life cycle of the project from planning and design to continuous operation.
（1） Safety pre evaluation
Safety pre evaluation is implemented during the feasibility study stage of construction projects, the planning stage of industrial parks, or before the organization and implementation of production and operation activities. Its core task is to proactively identify potential hazards and harmful factors based on project basic data, judge their compliance with safety production laws, regulations, standards and specifications, predict the possibility and severity of accidents, and ultimately propose scientifically feasible safety countermeasures and suggestions. The key value of this stage evaluation lies in "preventing risks before they occur", moving the risk control threshold forward, and avoiding inherent safety defects in project design.
（2） Safety acceptance evaluation
The safety acceptance evaluation shall be implemented before the formal production and operation of the construction project or after the completion of the industrial park construction. The focus of the evaluation is to verify the implementation of the "three simultaneities" (simultaneous design, simultaneous construction, simultaneous production and use) between the safety facilities of the construction project and the main project, check the soundness of safety production management measures, rules and regulations, emergency rescue plans, and ultimately determine whether the project meets the requirements of safety production laws, regulations, standards and specifications, and provide acceptance evaluation conclusions. This stage is a crucial link in ensuring a smooth transition from the construction phase to the operational phase of the project.
（3） Safety status evaluation
Safety status assessment is conducted for activities, industrial parks, specific production processes, or workplaces that have already been put into production and operation. Its core is to dynamically identify the hazards and harmful factors present in the current operation process, evaluate the effectiveness of existing safety control measures, predict the risk level of accidents in the current state, and propose targeted improvement measures. This evaluation is flexible and targeted, and can be used to comprehensively assess the overall safety status of production and operation units, as well as to focus on a specific risk link. It is an important means to ensure the safety of continuous operation.
◉ Implementation process of safety evaluation
The standardized implementation process is the foundation for ensuring the quality of safety evaluation. According to industry standards and practical experience, safety evaluation work is usually divided into three core stages: preparation work, implementation evaluation, and report preparation. Each stage is interrelated and forms a complete work loop.
（1） Preparation stage: Consolidate the foundation and clarify the direction
The core task of this stage is to clarify the evaluation boundaries and objectives, collect and organize basic data, and lay the foundation for subsequent evaluation work. The specific content includes: firstly, determining the evaluation object, scope, and evaluation focus, and preparing a detailed evaluation plan; The second is to collect relevant laws, regulations, industry standards, rules and specifications, as well as technical information such as project design drawings, process documents, material properties, and historical accident records; Thirdly, establish a professional evaluation team, clarify the responsibilities of team members, and equip evaluators with corresponding professional backgrounds based on the characteristics of the evaluation objects; The fourth is to communicate and coordinate with the evaluated party, clarify the necessary cooperation matters, and ensure the smooth progress of data provision, on-site inspection, and other work.
（2） Implementation stage: Comprehensive identification, scientific analysis
The implementation phase is the core link of safety evaluation, which directly determines the accuracy and reliability of the evaluation results. It mainly includes four steps: first, data review, systematically reviewing the technical data and management documents provided by the evaluated party to determine the completeness, standardization, and effectiveness of the data; The second is on-site inspection, which carries out on-site inspections according to the preset plan, verifies the operation status of on-site safety facilities, the rationality of the layout, the safety of the working environment, and the implementation of management measures through observation, technical measurement, personnel inquiry, and other methods, and collects first-hand risk data; The third is the identification of hazardous and harmful factors, combined with data review and on-site investigation results, to comprehensively identify the location, mode of action, and changing patterns of hazardous sources, and clarify the types of accidents that may be caused; The fourth is risk analysis and assessment, which involves dividing into relatively independent evaluation units, selecting appropriate evaluation methods, qualitatively or quantitatively analyzing the likelihood and severity of accidents, and evaluating the adequacy of existing control measures.
（3） Report stage: Comprehensive summary, propose countermeasures
The core of this stage is to systematically integrate the evaluation process and results into a guiding evaluation report. The specific requirements include: firstly, the report content should be comprehensive and complete, covering the basic information of the evaluation object, the scope and focus of the evaluation, the identification results of hazardous and harmful factors, the risk assessment process and conclusions, safety countermeasures and suggestions, and other core contents; The second is accurate data, clear logic, objective and fair conclusions, and avoiding formalism; Thirdly, the countermeasures are targeted, technically feasible, and economically reasonable, and can provide clear guidance for the evaluated party to improve safety management and eliminate safety hazards; The fourth is to carry out a multi-level review process, including internal review, technical leader review, process control review, etc., to ensure that the quality of the report meets the regulatory requirements. After passing the review, it will be stamped with the official seal of the evaluation agency and confirmed by a dedicated evaluator's handwritten signature.
◉ Common methods and applicable scenarios for safety evaluation
The safety evaluation method is a tool for conducting evaluation work, which can be divided into various types based on the quantification degree of evaluation results, logical reasoning process, evaluation purpose, and evaluation object characteristics. Different methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and suitable tools should be selected based on the evaluation stage and the characteristics of the evaluation object. The following are the most commonly used methods in practice:
（1） Qualitative evaluation method: intuitive and simple, suitable for preliminary screening
The qualitative evaluation method mainly relies on experience and intuitive judgment to qualitatively analyze the system security status, and the results are mostly qualitative indicators such as "compliant/non compliant" and "risky/risk-free". It has the advantages of easy understanding and simple operation, but also has the limitations of strong subjectivity and lack of comparability in results.
1. Safety Checklist Method (SCL): By compiling a structured checklist, key inspection items are listed based on regulatory standards and historical experience, and the actual situation on site is compared one by one. Suitable for preliminary design review of new projects, daily safety inspections, and other scenarios, it can comprehensively cover key risk points and avoid missing important inspection items, but its static characteristics make it difficult to capture dynamic risks.
2. Pre hazard analysis (PHA): Conducted during the conceptual design phase of a project, it proactively identifies potential hazards, predicts accident types and consequences. Suitable for early scenarios such as new process development and new product design, with low implementation costs, it can lay the foundation for subsequent detailed evaluations. However, it requires high professional insight from evaluators, and the accuracy of the results is limited.
3. Hazard Operability Study (HAZOP): Through the combination of "guide words+process parameters", systematically explore the risks that may arise from process parameters deviating from design values. Suitable for process industries such as chemical, petroleum, and pharmaceutical industries, the multi professional team collaboration model can effectively overcome fixed thinking patterns, but it requires strict professional competence from the guide and the analysis process takes a long time.
（2） Quantitative evaluation method: precise quantification, suitable for risk grading
The quantitative evaluation method is based on experimental data and accident statistical analysis, and quantitatively calculates risks through mathematical models. The results are quantitative indicators such as accident probability, injury range, and risk level, which can provide data support for accurate risk decision-making. However, there are limitations such as large data demand and high implementation difficulty.
1. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): Targeting specific accidents (top events), a combination of causal events is constructed through logical gates to trace the root cause of the accident. Suitable for accident investigation and critical equipment risk assessment, it can clearly demonstrate the causal relationship between events, but the modeling is complex and requires the use of professional software tools.
2. Event Tree Analysis (ETA): Starting from the initial event, the possible consequences of each link's success or failure state are displayed through branching logic, and the accident probability of different paths is quantitatively calculated. Suitable for evaluating the effectiveness of security barriers, it can provide accurate basis for optimizing risk control measures, but requires high integrity of basic probability data.
3. Hazard index evaluation method: such as the fire and explosion hazard index evaluation method of Dow Chemical Company, the Mond index evaluation method, etc., quantify the system risk level by calculating the hazard index. Suitable for high-risk industries such as chemical engineering and hazardous chemical storage, it can intuitively reflect the overall risk level of the system, but the calculation process is complex and requires high professional competence from evaluators.
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